Reviews and comparisons
We compare tools by what matters for security and privacy: encryption model, audits, where the servers are, how recovery works and what happens when you want to leave. Where a European provider is a real alternative, we say so.
25 pages
In this section
1Password review 2026: security, features and price
1Password reviewed: Secret Key security, passkeys, EU account region, recovery rules, export and 2026 prices in euros. Who it suits and the alternatives.
2FAS Authenticator review: open source, no account
Review of 2FAS Auth, the free open-source authenticator from Poland: encrypted backup, export, browser extension, Apple Watch support, limits and who it suits.
Aegis Authenticator review: open-source 2FA for Android
Review of Aegis Authenticator: free GPL v3 2FA app for Android with an encrypted vault, automatic backups, export, audit log, limits and who should use it.
Best authenticator apps in 2026: 2FAS, Aegis, Ente Auth
The best authenticator apps for 2FA codes compared: 2FAS, Aegis and Ente Auth, with encrypted backup, export, open source, platforms and what to avoid.
Best free password managers in 2026: what you really get
Bitwarden, Proton Pass and KeePassXC offer genuinely usable free password managers, while Dashlane and 1Password no longer do. Limits and trade-offs explained.
Best hardware security keys 2026: YubiKey, Nitrokey, Token2
The best hardware security keys of 2026 compared: YubiKey 5, Security Key Series, Nitrokey 3, Token2 and Google Titan on passkeys, NFC, firmware and price.
Best password managers 2026: compared for European users
Seven password managers compared on encryption, audits, passkeys, EU data options, recovery, export and price, with advice on which one fits whom.
Best password managers for business and teams in 2026
Bitwarden, 1Password, Keeper, NordPass, Dashlane and Proton Pass compared for teams: SSO, SCIM, audit logs, EU hosting, recovery, certificates and per-user price.
Best password managers for families in 2026
Family plans compared: 1Password, Bitwarden, Proton Pass, NordPass, Dashlane and Keeper. Seats, shared vaults, recovery and price for households in Europe.
Bitwarden review 2026: open source, EU region, price
Bitwarden reviewed: open source, audits by Cure53 and ETH Zurich, passkeys, EU data region, self-hosting, free plan and prices. Who it suits and alternatives.
Bitwarden vs 1Password 2026: which should you pick?
Bitwarden vs 1Password compared on encryption, audits, passkeys, EU hosting, recovery, export and price, with a clear guide on who should choose which.
Dashlane review 2026: security, features and prices
Dashlane in review: zero-knowledge design, Argon2d, passkeys, VPN and dark web monitoring in the box, but no free plan since September 2025 and a higher price.
Ente Auth review: encrypted 2FA on every platform
Review of Ente Auth: free open-source authenticator with end-to-end encrypted sync on iOS, Android, desktop and web, audits, export, limits and who it suits.
European password managers: Proton Pass, NordPass and more
Which password managers come from Europe or offer EU data storage? A fair comparison of Proton Pass, NordPass, Bitwarden, 1Password, KeePassXC and others.
Google Titan Security Key review: simple FIDO2 key
Review of the Google Titan Security Key: USB-A or USB-C with NFC, passkey storage, price, limits and who should pick it over a YubiKey or Nitrokey.
Identity theft protection services: are they worth it?
Are identity theft protection services worth paying for in Europe? Schufa IdentSafe, Aura and Norton compared with free tools like Have I Been Pwned.
KeePassXC review 2026: the free offline password manager
KeePassXC in review: free, open source, local-first and audited. Strong encryption and passkey support, but you handle sync, backup and recovery yourself.
Keeper review 2026: security, features and prices
Keeper in review: record-level AES-256-GCM, a long list of certifications, passkeys and optional EU hosting for organisations, but add-ons raise the price.
Nitrokey 3 review: open-source security key from Berlin
Our review of the Nitrokey 3: open-source Rust firmware, FIDO2 passkeys, OpenPGP and PIV, NFC and USB-C, plus prices and who should choose it.
NordPass review 2026: security, features and prices
NordPass in review: XChaCha20 encryption, passkeys, a usable free tier and low multi-year prices, but little choice over where your data is stored.
Proton Pass review 2026: Swiss password manager tested
Proton Pass reviewed: open source, Cure53 audit, passkeys, email aliases, Swiss hosting, recovery, free plan and 2026 prices in euros. Who it suits and alternatives.
Proton Pass vs Bitwarden 2026: free tiers, privacy, price
Proton Pass vs Bitwarden compared on encryption, audits, passkeys, server location, recovery, export and price, with advice on who should pick which.
Token2 security keys review: cheap FIDO2 keys from Geneva
Token2 makes low-priced FIDO2 security keys in Geneva, including PIN+ models with PIN complexity rules. Our review covers range, prices, limits and fit.
YubiKey 5 review 2026: features, EUCLEAK and prices
YubiKey 5 in review: FIDO2 and passkeys, OTP, PIV and OpenPGP in one key, plus the EUCLEAK firmware issue, prices and who should buy which model.
YubiKey vs Nitrokey: which security key to buy
YubiKey vs Nitrokey compared: FIDO2 passkeys, OpenPGP, PIV, NFC, open source, firmware updates, origin and price, plus advice on which key fits whom.
Other sections
Digital identity in Europe
eIDAS 2.0, the EU Digital Identity Wallet, levels of assurance and qualified signatures, explained without the legal fog. What changes for citizens and for businesses.
Digital ID by country
How online identification works in every EU and EEA country, Switzerland, the UK and Turkey: the national eID, the wallet status, and how to get it.
Passkeys and login security
Passkeys, two-factor authentication, hardware keys and account recovery, explained step by step. How to make your accounts hard to take over without making them hard to use.
Identity standards explained
OpenID Connect, OAuth 2.0, SAML, FIDO2/WebAuthn, OpenID4VP and verifiable credentials explained in plain language, with what each one is actually for.
History of open identity
From OpenID 1.0 and the European OpenID community of 2007 to OpenID Connect and the EU wallet: how the idea of a portable, user-controlled login developed.